VRA Core 4 Example 7: Ancient mosaic floor [complex record]
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VRA Core 4 Example 7: Ancient mosaic floor [complex record] |
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vra xmlns="http://www.vraweb.org/vracore4.htm"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.vraweb.org/vracore4.htm http://www.loc.gov/standards/vracore/vra-strict.xsd">
<work id="w_16" source="Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)" refid="16">
<agentSet>
<display>unknown (Roman and Samnite builders)</display>
<notes/>
<agent>
<name vocab="ULAN" refid="500125274" type="personal">unknown</name>
<role>builder</role>
</agent>
</agentSet>
<culturalContextSet>
<culturalContext>Roman</culturalContext>
<culturalContext>Samnite</culturalContext>
</culturalContextSet>
<dateSet>
<display>79 CE (destruction); ca. 525 BCE-79 CE (inclusive)</display>
<notes>Buried by an eruption of Mt. Vesuvius on August 24, 79 CE.</notes>
<date type="inclusive">
<earliestDate>-525</earliestDate>
<latestDate>79</latestDate>
</date>
<date type="destruction">
<earliestDate>79</earliestDate>
<latestDate>79</latestDate>
</date>
</dateSet>
<descriptionSet>
<display>Roman site in southern Italy, located 24 km south-east of Naples, destroyed by an eruption of Mt Vesuvius. Vesuvius began to erupt in the late morning of the 24 August 79 CE, and by the end of the day some 2 m of ash had fallen on the town. The first 3 m also contain lava pebbles (lapilli), followed by layers of pumice, the solidified volcanic magma. Pompeii ultimately lay buried under some 4 m of debris. The city was undisturbed for some 1700 years until excavations in the mid-18th century following the discovery of Herculaneum, about 15 km further up the coast. Pompeii’s architectural development can be divided into three phases that also reflect the political evolution of the city: the Pre-Samnite period (525-425 BCE), the Samnite period (425-80 BCE) and the Roman phase (80 BCE-79 CE); the last may be further subdivided by the establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus in 30 BC and by an earlier earthquake of 62 CE.</display>
<description source="Grove Art Online; http://www.oxfordartonline.com (accessed 5/25/2009)">Roman site in southern Italy, located 24 km south-east of Naples, destroyed by an eruption of Mt Vesuvius. Vesuvius began to erupt in the late morning of the 24 August 79 CE, and by the end of the day some 2 m of ash had fallen on the town. The first 3 m also contain lava pebbles (lapilli), followed by layers of pumice, the solidified volcanic magma. Pompeii ultimately lay buried under some 4 m of debris. The city was undisturbed for some 1700 years until excavations in the mid-18th century following the discovery of Herculaneum, about 15 km further up the coast. Pompeii’s architectural development can be divided into three phases that also reflect the political evolution of the city: the Pre-Samnite period (525-425 BCE), the Samnite period (425-80 BCE) and the Roman phase (80 BCE-79 CE); the last may be further subdivided by the establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus in 30 BC and by an earlier earthquake of 62 CE.</description>
</descriptionSet>
<locationSet>
<display>Pompeii, Campania, Italy</display>
<notes>24 km south-east of Naples</notes>
<location type="site">
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7004658" extent="deserted settlement">Pompeii</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7003005" extent="region">Campania</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000080" extent="nation">Italy</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000003" extent="continent">Europe</name>
</location>
</locationSet>
<measurementsSet>
<display>35 m (width, forum) x 157 m (length, forum)</display>
<notes/>
<measurements type="length" unit="m" extent="forum">157</measurements>
<measurements type="width" unit="m" extent="forum">35</measurements>
</measurementsSet>
<sourceSet>
<display>Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)</display>
<source>
<name>Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)</name>
</source>
</sourceSet>
<stylePeriodSet>
<display>First Style; Imperial (Roman)</display>
<stylePeriod vocab="AAT" refid="300020541">Imperial (Roman)</stylePeriod>
<stylePeriod vocab="AAT" refid="300020607">First Style</stylePeriod>
</stylePeriodSet>
<subjectSet>
<display>architectural exteriors; architectural interiors; cityscapes; domestic life; genre; archaeology; Roman Empire</display>
<notes/>
<subject>
<term type="geographicPlace" vocab="TGN" refid="7030347">Roman Empire</term>
</subject>
<subject>
<term type="descriptiveTopic" vocab="AAT" refid="300054328">archaeology</term>
</subject>
</subjectSet>
<techniqueSet>
<display>construction (assembling)</display>
<notes/>
<technique vocab="AAT" refid="300054608">construction (assembling)</technique>
</techniqueSet>
<titleSet>
<display>Pompeii</display>
<title type="cited" pref="true" xml:lang="la">Pompeii</title>
<title type="descriptive" pref="false" xml:lang="en">Pompeii [archaeological site]</title>
</titleSet>
<worktypeSet>
<display>complexes; sites (locations); archaeological sites; excavations (sites); complexes; sites (locations); historic sites</display>
<worktype vocab="AAT" refid="300266151">excavation (site)</worktype>
<worktype vocab="AAT" refid="300000833">historic site</worktype>
</worktypeSet>
</work>
<work id="w_17" source="Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)" refid="17">
<agentSet>
<display>unknown (Samnite and Roman builders)</display>
<notes/>
<agent>
<name vocab="ULAN" refid="500125274" type="personal">unknown</name>
<role>builder</role>
</agent>
</agentSet>
<culturalContextSet>
<culturalContext>Roman</culturalContext>
<culturalContext>Samnite</culturalContext>
</culturalContextSet>
<dateSet>
<display>ca. 100 BCE-79 CE (inclusive)</display>
<date type="inclusive">
<earliestDate>-100</earliestDate>
<latestDate>79</latestDate>
</date>
</dateSet>
<descriptionSet>
<display>During the Samnite period (until 80 BCE) construction was dominated by the use of ashlar blocks of tufa for grandiose gateways and façades; the walls were decorated with First Style paintings characterized by stuccowork imitating coloured or veined plaques of marble. The House of the Faun is the most grandiose residence of the period; it is here that the famous mosaic depicting Alexander’s defeat of Darius III was found in the tablinum. Its monumental gateway opens on to the Via della Fortuna, and the house occupies an entire city block. It has two atria: an atrium tuscanicum, where excavations unearthed the beautiful statue of a faun, after which the house is named, and a smaller atrium tetrastylum, as well as two broad gardens surrounded by colonnades.</display>
<description source="Grove Art Online; http://www.oxfordartonline.com (accessed 5/25/2009)">During the Samnite period (until 80 BCE) construction was dominated by the use of ashlar blocks of tufa for grandiose gateways and façades; the walls were decorated with First Style paintings characterized by stuccowork imitating coloured or veined plaques of marble. The House of the Faun is the most grandiose residence of the period; it is here that the famous mosaic depicting Alexander’s defeat of Darius III was found in the tablinum. Its monumental gateway opens on to the Via della Fortuna, and the house occupies an entire city block. It has two atria: an atrium tuscanicum, where excavations unearthed the beautiful statue of a faun, after which the house is named, and a smaller atrium tetrastylum, as well as two broad gardens surrounded by colonnades.</description>
</descriptionSet>
<locationSet>
<display>Pompeii, Campania, Italy</display>
<location type="site">
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7004658" extent="deserted settlement">Pompeii</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7003005" extent="region">Campania</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000080" extent="nation">Italy</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000003" extent="continent">Europe</name>
</location>
</locationSet>
<materialSet>
<display>tufa; stucco</display>
<notes/>
<material/>
</materialSet>
<relationSet>
<display/>
<relation type="partOf" refid="17" relids="w_16" source="Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)">Pompeii</relation>
</relationSet>
<sourceSet>
<display>Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)</display>
<source>
<name>Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)</name>
</source>
</sourceSet>
<stylePeriodSet>
<display>First Style; Imperial (Roman)</display>
<stylePeriod vocab="AAT" refid="300020541">Imperial (Roman)</stylePeriod>
<stylePeriod vocab="AAT" refid="300020607">First Style</stylePeriod>
</stylePeriodSet>
<subjectSet>
<display>architectural exteriors; architectural interiors; domestic life; genre; archaeology; Housing</display>
<notes/>
<subject>
<term type="descriptiveTopic" vocab="AAT" refid="300054328">archaeology</term>
</subject>
<subject>
<term type="descriptiveTopic" vocab="LCSAF" refid="sh 85062603">Housing</term>
</subject>
</subjectSet>
<techniqueSet>
<display>construction (assembling)</display>
<notes/>
<technique vocab="AAT" refid="300054608">construction (assembling)</technique>
</techniqueSet>
<titleSet>
<display>House of the Faun</display>
<title type="cited" pref="true" xml:lang="en">House of the Faun</title>
<title type="cited" pref="false" xml:lang="it">Casa del Fauno</title>
</titleSet>
<worktypeSet>
<display>buildings; dwellings; houses; complexes; sites (locations); archaeological sites; excavations (sites)</display>
<worktype vocab="AAT" refid="300005433">house</worktype>
<worktype vocab="AAT" refid="300266151">excavation (site)</worktype>
</worktypeSet>
</work>
<work id="w_18" source="Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)" refid="18">
<agentSet>
<display>after Philoxenos of Eretria (Greek (ancient) painter, active late 4th century BCE); unknown (Samnite or Greek mosaicist)</display>
<notes>Possibly after a painting by Philoxenos or Apelles, connection not proved.</notes>
<agent>
<name vocab="ULAN" refid="500125274" type="personal">unknown</name>
<role>mosaicist</role>
</agent>
<agent>
<name vocab="ULAN" refid="500063648" type="personal">Philoxenos of Eretria</name>
<dates type="activity">
<earliestDate>-325</earliestDate>
<latestDate>-300</latestDate>
</dates>
<culture>Greek (ancient)</culture>
<role>painter</role>
<attribution>after</attribution>
</agent>
</agentSet>
<culturalContextSet>
<culturalContext>Greek (ancient)</culturalContext>
<culturalContext>Roman</culturalContext>
<culturalContext>Samnite</culturalContext>
</culturalContextSet>
<dateSet>
<display>ca. 100 BCE (creation)</display>
<date type="creation">
<earliestDate>100</earliestDate>
<latestDate>80</latestDate>
</date>
</dateSet>
<descriptionSet>
<display>The greatest number of fine mosaics in any one house came from the House of the Faun, dating to ca. 100 BCE. Outstanding here is the Alexander Mosaic, probably representing the Battle of Issus [Issos] in Cilicia between Alexander the Great (reigned 336-323 BCE) and Darius III (reigned 335-331 BCE). The panel contained an estimated four million tesserae, all of natural stone, in a four-colour technique recalling that of Greek Late Classical painting; it was undoubtedly copied from an original painting, usually ascribed to Philoxenos of Eretria, done shortly after the battle itself. This painting was a commission for Kassander of Macedon and depicted either that at Issos (333 BCE) or that at Gaugamela (331 BCE).</display>
<description source="Grove Art Online; http://www.oxfordartonline.com (accessed 5/25/2009)">The greatest number of fine mosaics in any one house came from the House of the Faun, dating to ca. 100 BCE. Outstanding here is the Alexander Mosaic, probably representing the Battle of Issus [Issos] in Cilicia between Alexander the Great (reigned 336-323 BCE) and Darius III (reigned 335-331 BCE). The panel contained an estimated four million tesserae, all of natural stone, in a four-colour technique recalling that of Greek Late Classical painting; it was undoubtedly copied from an original painting, usually ascribed to Philoxenos of Eretria, done shortly after the battle itself. This painting was a commission for Kassander of Macedon and depicted either that at Issos (333 BCE) or that at Gaugamela (331 BCE).</description>
</descriptionSet>
<locationSet>
<display>Museo Archeologico Nazionale (Naples, Campania, Italy) 10020 </display>
<location type="repository">
<name type="geographic" vocab="GAO" refid="" extent="organization">Museo Archeologico Nazionale</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7004474" extent="inhabited place">Naples</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7003005" extent="region">Campania</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000080" extent="nation">Italy</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000003" extent="continent">Europe</name>
<refid type="accession">10020 </refid>
</location>
<location type="formerSite">
<name type="geographic" vocab="GAO" refid="" extent="organization">House of the Faun</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7004658" extent="deserted settlement">Pompeii</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="7003005" extent="region">Campania</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000080" extent="nation">Italy</name>
<name type="geographic" vocab="TGN" refid="1000003" extent="continent">Europe</name>
</location>
</locationSet>
<materialSet>
<display>stone tesserae</display>
<notes/>
<material/>
</materialSet>
<measurementsSet>
<display>3.13 m (width) x 5.82 m (length)</display>
<notes/>
<measurements type="width" unit="m">3.13</measurements>
<measurements type="length" unit="m">5.82</measurements>
</measurementsSet>
<relationSet>
<display/>
<relation type="formerlyPartOf" refid="18" relids="w_17" source="Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)">House of the Faun</relation>
</relationSet>
<sourceSet>
<display>Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)</display>
<source>
<name>Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)</name>
</source>
</sourceSet>
<stylePeriodSet>
<display>Greco-Roman; Hellenistic</display>
<stylePeriod vocab="AAT">Greco-Roman</stylePeriod>
<stylePeriod vocab="AAT" refid="300020101">Hellenistic</stylePeriod>
</stylePeriodSet>
<subjectSet>
<display>historical; military; war; rulers and leaders; Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.; Darius III, King of Persia, d. 330 B.C.</display>
<notes/>
<subject>
<term type="personalName" vocab="LCSAF" refid="n 79004067">Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.</term>
</subject>
<subject>
<term type="personalName" vocab="LCSAF" refid="n 84079608">Darius III, King of Persia, d. 330 B.C.</term>
</subject>
</subjectSet>
<techniqueSet>
<display>mosaic (process)</display>
<notes/>
<technique vocab="AAT" refid="300138684">mosaic (process)</technique>
</techniqueSet>
<titleSet>
<display>Battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III</display>
<title type="cited" pref="true" xml:lang="en">Battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III</title>
<title type="cited" pref="false" xml:lang="en">Battle of Issus</title>
<title type="cited" pref="false" xml:lang="en">Alexander Mosaic</title>
</titleSet>
<worktypeSet>
<display>mosaics (visual works)</display>
<worktype vocab="AAT" refid="300015342">mosaic (visual work)</worktype>
</worktypeSet>
</work>
<image id="i_121"
href="http://www.core.vraweb.org/examples/html/example007multiple_full.html"
refid="121" source="VRA Core Oversight Committee, Core 4 Sample Records">
<agentSet>
<display>Wiedenhoeft, Ronald</display>
<notes/>
<agent/>
</agentSet>
<measurementsSet>
<display>18 MB</display>
<notes/>
<measurements/>
</measurementsSet>
<relationSet>
<relation type="imageOf" refid="18" source="Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)"/>
</relationSet>
<rightsSet>
<display>© Dr. Ronald V. Wiedenhoeft</display>
<rights/>
</rightsSet>
<sourceSet>
<display>Saskia Ltd. Cultural Documentation Jie-0006</display>
<source>
<name type="vendor">Saskia Ltd. Cultural Documentation</name>
<refid type="vendor">Jie-0006</refid>
</source>
</sourceSet>
<subjectSet>
<display>Darius III, King of Persia, d. 330 B.C.; horses; war chariot; shield; spears; Persians</display>
<notes/>
<subject>
<term type="personalName" vocab="LCSAF" refid="n 84079608">Darius III, King of Persia, d. 330 B.C.</term>
</subject>
</subjectSet>
<techniqueSet>
<display>digital imaging</display>
<notes/>
<technique/>
</techniqueSet>
<titleSet>
<display>View of right half, with Darius in his chariot</display>
<title type="partialView">View of right half, with Darius in his chariot</title>
</titleSet>
<worktypeSet>
<display>digital image</display>
<notes/>
<worktype/>
</worktypeSet>
</image>
<image id="i_122"
href="http://www.core.vraweb.org/examples/html/example007multiple_full.html"
refid="122" source="VRA Core Oversight Committee, Core 4 Sample Records">
<agentSet>
<display>Wiedenhoeft, Ronald</display>
<notes/>
<agent/>
</agentSet>
<measurementsSet>
<display>18 MB</display>
<notes/>
<measurements/>
</measurementsSet>
<relationSet>
<relation type="imageOf" refid="18" source="Core 4 Sample Database (VCat)"/>
</relationSet>
<rightsSet>
<display>© Dr. Ronald V. Wiedenhoeft</display>
<rights/>
</rightsSet>
<sourceSet>
<display>Saskia Ltd. Cultural Documentation Jie-0011</display>
<source>
<name type="vendor">Saskia Ltd. Cultural Documentation</name>
<refid type="vendor">Jie-0011</refid>
</source>
</sourceSet>
<subjectSet>
<display>Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.; horse; spear; armor</display>
<notes/>
<subject>
<term type="personalName" vocab="LCSAF" refid="n 79004067">Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.</term>
</subject>
</subjectSet>
<techniqueSet>
<display>digital imaging</display>
<notes/>
<technique/>
</techniqueSet>
<titleSet>
<display>Close-up of Alexander on horse</display>
<title type="partialView">Close-up of Alexander on horse</title>
</titleSet>
<worktypeSet>
<display>digital image</display>
<notes/>
<worktype/>
</worktypeSet>
</image>
</vra>
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Last modified July 7, 2014 |